Aerial view of a fault scarp cutting through the Australian outback landscape at golden hour
Australian Severe Weather — Volume IV

The Trembling Earth

Australia sits on one of the fastest-moving tectonic plates on the planet, yet most Australians consider earthquakes someone else's problem. The science — and the history — says otherwise.

Mw 5.6
Newcastle earthquake magnitude — Australia's deadliest in recorded history
7 cm
Distance the Indo-Australian Plate moves northward every year
13 lives
Lost in the 1989 Newcastle earthquake in under 60 seconds
700 km
Maximum depth at which earthquakes can occur within Earth's mantle
~55,000
Earthquakes recorded in Australia in the past 50 years, most imperceptible

A Continent That Shakes in Silence

Earthquakes do not announce themselves. In the 60 seconds it takes to read this paragraph, somewhere on Earth, the ground will have moved. Most of these tremors are imperceptible — registered only by sensitive instruments buried deep in the bedrock. But occasionally, the energy that has been accumulating silently along a fault for thousands of years finds its release in a few violent seconds, and the consequences can be catastrophic.

Australia is not the Pacific Ring of Fire. We do not have the great subduction zone trenches of Japan, Chile, or Indonesia generating magnitude-9 megathrust events. But the notion that Australia is seismically quiet is contradicted by our own historical record. In December 1989, the city of Newcastle shook for less than a minute. Thirteen people died. Four billion dollars in damage reshaped the built environment of one of our largest regional cities. The fault responsible was not even on the map.

This archive explores the deep science of why the ground shakes — the mechanics of rupture, the architecture of tectonic plates, the behaviour of faults, and the chain of secondary hazards that a large earthquake sets in motion. It grounds that science in the Australian context: a continent moving relentlessly northward, building seismic hazard in ways that continue to surprise seismologists. And it looks at what happens when an earthquake is only the beginning.


Article Chapters


About This Archive

The Trembling Earth was developed to provide a rigorous, evidence-based account of earthquake science and its particular relevance to the Australian context. It forms the fourth instalment in the Australian Severe Weather series.

Key Sources

  • Geoscience Australia (National Seismograph Network)
  • GNS Science, New Zealand
  • United States Geological Survey (USGS)
  • Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission
  • Gaull, Michael & Rynn (1990)